Atoms, Molecules and Chemical Arithmetic- Measurement in chemistry (significant figures, SL unit, Dimensional analysis) Chemical classification of matter (mixtures, com, pounds and elements and purification) law of chemical combination and Dalton’s Atomic Theory. Atomic Mass (mole concept, determination of chemical formulas), Chemical equation (balancing of chemical equation and calculations using chemical equations)

Elements, Their Occurrence and Extraction –Earth as a source of elements, elements in biology. Elements in sea, extraction of metals (metallurgical process, production of concentrated ore, production of metals and their purification) Mineral wealth of India. Qualitative test metals.

States of Matter – Gaseous state (measurable properties of gases. Boyle’s Law, Charles’law and absolute scale of temperature, Avogadro’s hypothesis, ideal gas equation, Dalton’s low of partical pressure)

Kinetic molecular theory of gases (the microscopic model of a gas, deviation form ideal behavior)

The solid state (classification of solids, X-ray studies of crystal lattices and unit cells, packing of constituent particles incrystals.) Liquid state (Properties of liquids , Vapor pressure, surface Tension, Viscosity)

Atomic Structures- Constituents of the atom (discovery of electron, nuclear model of the atom )

Electronic structure of atoms (nature of light and electromagnetic waves, atomic spectra, Bohr’s model of Hydrogen atom, Quantum mechanical model of the atom, electronic configurations of atoms] Aufbau principle.)

Chemical Families –Periodic Properties –Mendeleev’s Periodic Table, Modern Periodic law, Types of elements (Representative element s&p block elements, inner transition elements –d-block elements, inner transition elements –f-block elements) Periodic trends in properties. (ionization energy, electron, affinity, atomic radii, valence, periodicity in properties of compounds.)

Bonding and Molecular Structure – Chemical bonds and Lewis structure shapes of molecules (VSEPR Theory) . quantum theory of the covalent bond (Hydrogen and some other simple molecules, carbon compounds, hybridization, Boron and Beryllium compounds.

Coordinate covalent bond (ionic bond as an extreme case of polar covalent bond, ionic character of molecular and polar molecules) Bonding in solid state (ionic , molecular and covalent solids, metal) Hydrogen bond, Resonance.

Carbon and its compounds – Element carbon, carbon compounds. Inorganic compounds.. nomenclature of organic compounds (Hydrocarbons, functional groups) Some common organic compounds (Alkanes, Alkenes,Alkynes, Alcohol's , Aldehydes, Ketones, Halides, Acids , Nitro compounds and Aminos)

Energetics – Energy changes during a chemical reaction. Internal energy and Enthalpy (Internal energy, Enthalpy, enthalpy changes, Origin of Enthalpy change in a reaction, Hess’s Law of constant heat summation, numericals based on these concepts) Heats of reactions(heat of neutralization, heat of combustion, heat of fusion and vaporization)

Sources of energy (Conservation of energy sources and identification of alternative sources, pollution associated with consumption of fuels. The sun as the primary source)

Chemical Equilibrium –Equilibrium involving physical changes (solid liquid, liquid gas equilibrium, equilibrium involving dissolution of solid in liquids, gases in liquids, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes) Equilibria involving chemical systems (the law of chemical equilibrium, the magnitude of the equilibrium constant, numerical problems.)   Equilibrium involving ions (ionization of electrolytes, weak and strong electrolytes, acid base equilibrium, various concepts of acids and bases, ionization of water, Ph, solubility product, numericals based of these concepts.)

Redox Reactions- Oxidation and reduction a an electron transfer process. Redox reactions in aqueous solutions-electrochemical cells. EMF of a galvanic cell. Dependence of EMF on concentration and temperature (nearest equation and numerical problems based on it) Electrolysis. Oxidation numbers (rules for assigning oxidation number, redox reactions in terms of oxidation number and nomenclature.)Balancing of oxidation –reduction equations.

Rates of Chemical Reactions- Rate of reaction. Instantaneous rate of a reaction and order of reaction. Factors affecting rates of reaction (factors affecting rate of collisions encountered between the reactant molecules, effect of temperature on the reaction rate, concept of activation energy, catalysis) effect of light of reactions. Elementary reactions as steps to more complex reactions. How fast are chemical reactions.

Chemistry of Non-mental 1 – (Hydrogen , Oxygen and Nitrogen)

Hydrogen (position in periodic table, occurrence, properties, reactions and uses)

Oxygen (occurrence, preparation, properties and reactions uses, simple oxides, ozone)

Water and hydrogen peroxide (structure of water molecule and its aggregates, physical and chemical properties of water, Hard and soft water, water softening, hydrogen peroxides preparation, properties, structure and uses) .Nitrogen (preparation properties, uses, compounds of Nitrogen – Ammonia, Oxides of Nitrogen,, Nitric Acid – Preparation, Properties and uses )

Chemistry of Non metals II – (Boron, silicon, phosphorus, sulphur, halogens and the noble gases)

Boron , (occurrence,isolation, physical and chemical properties, borax and boric acid, uses of boron and its compounds)

Silicon (occurrence , preparation and properties, oxides and oxyacids of phosphorus, chemical fertilizers

Sulphur (occurrence, and extraction, properties and reactions, oxides; sulphuric acid- preparation , properties and uses, sodium thiosulphate)

Halogens (occurrence, preparation, properties, hydrogen halides, uses of halogens)

Nobel gases (discovery occurrence and isolation, physical properties, chemistry of noble gases and their uses)

Chemistry of lighter Metal - Sodium and potassium (occurrence and extraction, properties and uses, important compounds – NaCI2 NaCO3, NaHCO3, NaOH, KCI, KOH)

Magnesium and calcium (occurrence and extraction, properties and uses, important compounds –MgCI2, MgSO4, CaO, Ca (OH)2 ,CaCO3, CaSO4, Plaster of Paris.

Aluminum (occurrence extraction, properties and uses , compounds –AICI2, alums)

Chemistry of Heavier Metal – iron (occurrence and extraction, compounds of iron, oxides, halides, sulphides, sulphate , alloy and steel)

Copper, silver and gold (occurrence and extractions properties and uses, compounds sulphides,halides and sulphates, photography)

Zinc and Mercury (occurrence and extraction, properties and uses, compounds oxides, halides, sulphides and sulphates)

Tin and Lead (occurrence and extraction, properties, uses, compounds – oxides, sulphides, halides)

Structure and Shape (s) of Hydrocarbons –Alkanes (structure, isomerism, conformation)

Stereo is isomerism and charlotte (origin of chirality, optical relation, racemic mixture)

Alkenes (isomerism including cis-trans)

Arenes (structure of benzene, resonance structure, isomerism in arenas)

Preparation and Properties of Hydrocarbons- Sources of Hydrocarbons (origin and composition of coal and petroleum; hydrocarbons from coal and petroleum cracking and reforming, quality of gasoline –octane number, gasoline additives)

Laboratory preparation of alkanes (preparation from unsaturated hydrocarbons, alkylhalides and carboxylic acids)

Laboratory preparation of alkenes (preparation from alcohol's, alkyl halides)

Laboratory preparation of alkynes (preparation from calcium carbide and acetylene)

Reactions of hydrocarbons (oxidation, addition, substitution and miscellaneous reactions)

Purification and Characterization of Organic compounds –Purification (crystallization sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, chromatography)

Qualitative analysis (analysis of nitrogen sulphur, phosphorus and halogens)

Quantitative analysis (estimation of carbon, Hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus and oxygen)

Determination of molecular mass (victor mayer’s method, volumetric method)

Calculation of empirical formula and molecular formula.

Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis, modern methods of structure elucidation.

The Molecules of Life – The cell. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharide's and polysaccharides) Proteins (amino acids, peptide bond, structure of proteins, tertiary structure of proteins and denaturation, enzymes) Nucleic acids (structure the double helix, lipid Biological function of nucleic acid, viruses)

Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding – Atoms, dual nature of matter and radiation. The uncertainly principle orbitals and quantum numbers shapes of orbitals, Electronic configuration of atoms.

Molecules – Molecular orbital method. Hybridization. Dipole moment and structure of molecules.

The Solid State –Structure of simple ionic compounds. Close packed structures. Ionic radii, silicates (elementary ideas) Imperfection in solids (point defects only) Properties of solids. Amorphous solids.

The Gaseous state.

Ideal gas equation –Kinetic theory (fundamentals only)

Solutions –Types of solutions, Vapor –pressure of solutions and Raoult’s law. Colligative properties. Non –ideal solutions and abnormal molecular masses. Mole concept stoichemistry, volumetric analysis. Concentration unit.

Chemical Thermodynamics –First law of thermodynamics :Internal energy, Enthalpy, application of first law of thermodynamics.

Second law of thermodynamics. Entropy, Free energy, spontaneity of a chemical reaction, free energy change and chemical equilibrium, free energy available for useful work.

Third law of thermodynamics.

Electrochemistry – Electrolytic conduction. Voltage cell, Electrode potential and Electromotive force. Gibb’s free energy and cell potential. Electrode potential and electrolysis. Primary cells including fuel cells. Corrosion.

Chemical Kinetics –Rate expression. Order of a reaction (with suitable examples) Units of rates and specific rate constants. Order of reaction and concentration. (Study will be confined to first order only) Temperature dependence of rate constant- fast reactions (only elementary idea) Mechanism of reaction (Only elementary idea) Photochemical reactions.

Organic chemistry Based Functional Group –1- (Halides and Hydroxy compounds)

Nomenclature of compounds containing halogen atoms and hydroxy! Groups; haloalkanes, haloarenes, alcohols and phenols.

Correlation of physical properties and uses.

Preparation, properties and uses of following.

Polyhalogen compounds; chloroform , idoform

Polyhydric compounds. Ethane 1,2,3 triol

Structure and reactivity –(a) induction effect, (b) Mesomeric effect, (c) Electrohiles and Meleaphiles, (d) Types of organic reaction.

Organic Chemistry Based on Functional Groups –II –(Ethers, aldehydes, Ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives.)

Nomenclature of ethers, aldehydes, , ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives. (acylhalides, acid anhydrides, amides and esters).

General methods of preparation, correlation of physical properties with their structures, chemical properties and uses.

(Note: Specific compounds should not be stressed for the purpose of evaluations).

Organic Chemistry Based on Functional Groups – III (Cyanides, isocyanides, nitrocompounds and amines).

Nomenclature of cyanides and isocynides, nitro compounds and amines and their methods of preparations, correlation of physical properties with structure, chemical reactions and uses.

Chemistry of Representative Elements – Periodic properties – Trends in groups and periods (a) Oxides – nature (b) Halides – melting points (c ) Carbonates and Sulphates – solubility.

The chemistry of s and p block elements, electronic configuration , general characteristic properties and oxidation states of the following:

Group 1 elements – Alkali metals

Group 2 elements – Alkaline earth metals

Group 13 elements – Baron family

Group 14 elements – Carbon family

Group 15 elements – Nitrogen family

Group 16 elements – Oxygens family

Group 17 elements – Halogen family

Group 18 elements – Noble gases and Hydrogen.

Transition Metal including Lanthanides – Electronic configuration; General characteristic properties, oxidation state of transition metals.

First row transition metals and general properties of their compounds – oxides, halide and sulphides.

General properties of second and third row transition elements (GroupWise discussion).

Preparation of Potassium dichromate, Potassium permanganate.

Inner transition elements; General discussion with special reference of oxidation states and Lanthanide contract.

Coordination Chemistry and Organo Metallics – Coordination compounds. Nomenclature ; Isomerism in coordination compounds; Bonding in coordination compounds; Stability of coordination compounds; application of coordination compounds, Compounds containing metal – carbon bond; Application of oranometallics.

Nuclear Chemistry – Nature of radiation from radioactive substances. Nuclear structure and nuclear properties. Nuclear reactions; Radioactive disintegration series; Artificial transmulation of elements; Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion; Isotopes and their uses; Radio carbon-dating; Synthetic elements.

Synthetic and Natural Polymers – Classification of Polymers, natural and synthetic polymers (with stress on their general methods of preparation) and important uses of the following;

Teflon, PVC, Polystyrene, Nylon – 66, terylene.

Environmental pollution – pollutants – services – check and alternatives.

Surface Chemistry – Surfaces – Absorption.

Colloids – (Preparation and general properties). Emulsions, Micelles.

Catalysis : Homogeneous and heterogeneous structure of catalyst.

Bio Molecules – Carbohydrates ; Monosaccharides, Disaccharide's, Polysaccharides.

Amino Acids and Peptides – Structure of Protein and synthesis and replication.

Lipids – Structure, membranes and their functions.

Chemistry of Biological Process – Carbohydrates and their Metabolism. Hemoglobin blood and respiration; Immune system; Vitamins and hormones. Simple idea of chemical evolution.

Chemistry in Action – Dyes, Chemicals in medicines. Rocket propellants. (Structural formula non-evaluative).

BIOLOGY (Botany & Zoology)

The Living World – Nature and scope of Biology. Methods of Biology. Our place in the universe. Laws that governs the universe and life. Level of organization. Cause and effect relationship.

Being alive. What does it mean ? Present approach to understand life processes molecular approach; life as an expression of energy; steady state and homeostasis ; self duplication and survival ; adaptation; death as a positive part of life. An attempt to define life in the above.

Origin of life and its maintenance. Origin and diversity of life. Physical and chemical principles that maintain life progress, the living crust and interdependence. The positive and negative aspects and progress in biological sciences. The future of the living world, identification of human responsibility in shaping our future.

Unity of Life – Cell as a unit life. Small biomolecules; water, minerals, mono and oligosaccharides, lipids. Amino acids, nucleotides and their chemistry, cellular location and function. Macromolecules in cells – their chemistry, cellular location and functional significance. Polysaccharide, proteins and nucleic acids. Enzymes; chemical nature, classification, mechanism in actionenzyme complex, allosteric modulation (brief) , irreversible activation. Bio-membrane. Fluid mosatic model of membrane in transport recognition of external information (brief). Structural organization of the cell; light and electron microscopic views of cell, its organelles and their functions; Nucleus mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi complex, Lysosomes, microtubules, cell wall, cilia and flagella, vocuoles, cell inclusions. A general account of cellular respiration. Fermentation, biological oxidation (A cycle outline). Mitochondrial electron transport chain, high energy bonds and oxidative phosphorylation, cell reproduction; Process of mitosis and meiosis.

Diversity of Life – Introduction. The enormous variety of living things, the need for classification to cope with this variety; taxonomy and phylogency; shortcoming of a two kingdom classification as plants and animals; a five kingdom classification. Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia. The basic features of five kingdom classification; modes of obtaining nutrition autotrophs and heterotrophs. Life styles producers, consumers and decomposers, unicellularity and multicellularity phylogenetic relationships. Concepts of species, taxon and categories – hierarchical levels of classification; biomial nomenclature; principles of classification and nomenclature; identification and nature of viruses and bacteriophages and organisms kingdom Moera-archea bacteria-life in extreme environments; Bacteria, actinomycetes, Cyano bacteria. Examples to illustrate autotrophic and heterotrophic life styles; mineralizer – nitrogen fixers; Monera in cycling matter; symbolic forms; disease producers. Kingdom Protista –Eucaryotic unicellular organisms; development of flagella and cilia; beginning of mitosis; syngamy and sex. Various life styles shown in the major phyla. Evolutionary precursors of complex life forms. Diatoms, dinoflagellates, slime moulds, protozoans; symbiotic forms. Plant kingdom – complex autotrophs; red brown and green algae; conquest of land, bryophytes , ferns , gymnosperms and angiosperms. Vascularization; development of flower, fruit and seed. Kingdom fungi-lower fungi (Zygomycetes) higher fungi; (Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes); the importance of fungi. Decomposers; parasitic forms; lichens and mycorrhizae, animal kingdom-animal body pattern and symmetry. The development of body cavity in invertebrate vertebrate physla. Salient feature with reference to habitat and example of phylumporifera, coelenterate, helminithis, annelids, mollusca, arthropoda, enthinoderms; chordata – (Classes – fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) highlighting major characters.

Organism and Environment – Species; Origin and concept of species population; interaction between environment and populations; community; Biotic community, interaction between defferent species, biotic stability, changes in the community succession. Ecosystem; Interaction between biotic and abiotic components; major ecosystems, man made ecosystem - Agro ecosystem. Biosphere; flow of energy, trapping of solar energy, energy pathway, foodchain, food web, biogeochemical cycles, calcium and sulphur ecological imbalance and its consequences. Conservation of natural resources; renewable and nonrenewable (in brief) . Water and land management, wasteland development. Wild life and forest conservations; causes for the extinction of some wild life, steps taken to conserve the remaining species, concept of endangered species – Indian examples, conservation of forest; Indian forests, importance of forests hazards of deforestation, afforestation. Environmental pollution; air and water pollution, sources, major pollutants of big cities of our country, their effects and methods of control, pollution due to nuclear fallout and waste disposal effect and control, noise pollution; sources and effects.

Multicellularity; Structure and Function – Plant life – Form and function. Tissue system in flowering plants; meristematic and permanent. Minerals nutrition –essential elements, major functions of different elements, passive and active uptake of minerals. Modes of nutrition, transport of solutes and water in plants. Photosynthesis; photochemical and biosynthetic phases, diversity in photorespiration. Transpiration and exchange of gases. Stomatal mechanism. Osmoregulation in plants; water relations in plant cells, water potential. Structure and functions of flower; development of male and female gametophytes in angioperms; pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm, embryo, seed and fruit.. differentiation and organ formation.. plant hormones and growth regulation, action of plant hormones in relation to seed dormancy and germination, apical dominance, senescence and abscission.. application of synthertic growth regulators . A brief account of growth and movement in plants. Photomorphogenesis in plants including a brief account of pytochrome.

Multicellularity : Structure and Function – Animal life – Animal tissues : epithelial, connective, muscular, nerve. Animal nutrition; organ of digestion and digestive process, nutritional requirements for carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins; nutritional imbalances and deficiency diseases. Gas exchange and transport; Pulmonary gas exchange and organisms involved, transport of gases in blood. Gas exchange in aqueous media. Circulation; closed and open vascular systems, structure and pumping action of heart, arterial blood pressure, lymph. Excretion and osmoregulation. Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, urecotelism, excretion of water and urea with special reference to man. Role of kidney in regulation of plasma, osmolarity on the basis of nephron structure, skin and lungs in excretion. Hormonal coordination; hormone of mammals, role of hormones as messengers and regulators. Nervous coordination; central, autonomic and peripheral nervous systems’ receptors, effectors reflex action, basic physiology of special senses, integrative control by neuroendocrinal systems. Locomotion ; joints, muscle movements, types of skeletal muscles according to types of movement, basic aspects of human skeleton. Reproduction; human reproduction, female reproductive cycles. Embryonic development in mammals (up to three germ layers), growth, repair and ageing.

Continuity of life – Heredity and variation: Introduction, Mendel’s experiments with peas and idea of factors. Mendel’s low of inheritance. Genes : packaging of heredity material in prokaryotes- bacterial chromosome, plasmodia and eukaryote chromosomes. Extranuclear genes, viralgenes. Linkage (Genetic) maps. Sex determination and sex linkage. Genetic material and its replication, gene manipulation.. genee expression; genetic code, transcription, translation, gene regulation. Molecular basis of differentiation.

Origin and Evolution of life – Origin of life: Living, chemical evolution, organic evolution; oparin ideas, miller –Urey experiments. Interrelationship among living organisms and evidences of evolution; fossil records including geological time scale, Morphological evidence – hemology, vestigial organs, embryological similarities and biogeographical evidence

Darwin’s two major contributions. Common origin of living organisms and recombination as sources of variability, selection acts upon variation, adaption (Lederberg’s replica plating experiment for indirect selection of bacterial in determining composition of population. Selected examples; industrial melanism; drug resistance, mimicry, malaria inrelation to G6 PD deficiency and sickle cell disease. Human evolution; Australopithecus, Homo erectus, H, neadnderthlensis, Cro-Magnon man and Homo sapiens. Human chromosomes, similarity in different racial groups. Comparison man and Homo sapiens. Human chromosomes, similarity in different racial groups. Comparison with chromosomes of non-human primates to indicate common origin; cultural vs. biological evolution.

Mutation – Their role is speciation. Their origin in speciation, their origin in organisms (This concept to be taught along with Darwin’s concepts to evolution)

Application of Biology – Introduction. Role of biology in the amelioration of human problems. Domestication of plant- a historical account, improvement of crop plant; Principles of plant breeding and plant introduction. Use of fertilizers and economic and ecological aspects.

Use of pesticides; advantages and hazards. Biological methods of pest control. Crops today. Current concerns, gene pools and genetic conservation. Under utilized crops with potential uses for oilseeds, medicines, beverages, spices , fodder. New cross-Leucaena (Subabul) jojoba, Guayule, winged bean, etc. biofertilisers green manure, crop residues and nitrogen fixation (symbiotic, no symbiotic). Application of tissue culture and genetic engineering in crops. Domestication and introduction of animals. Livestock, poultry, fisheries (fresh water, marine aquaculture,) Improvement of animals; principles of animal breeding. Major animal diseases and their control. Insects and their products (silk, honey wax and lac) Bioenergy-biomass, wood (Combustion gasification, ethanol) cow during cakes, gobar gas, plants as sources of hydrocarbons for producing petroleum, ethanol from starch and lignocellulose. Biotechnology, a brief historical account- manufacture of cheese, yoghurt, alcohol, yeast, vitamins, organic acids, antibiotics, steroids, dextrins scaling up laboratory findings to industrial production. Production of insulin, human growth hormones, interferon. Communicable diseases including STD and diseases vaccines and antisera. Allergies and inflammations. Inherited diseases and dysfunctions, sex-linked diseases, genetic incompatibilities and genetic counseling. Cancer –major types, causes , diagnosis and treatment. Tissue and organ transplantation. Community health services and measures. Blood banks. Mental health smoking, alcoholism and drug addiction-physiological symptoms and control measures. Industrial wastes, toxicology. Pollution related diseases. Biomedical engineering. Spare parts for man, instruments for diagnosis of diseases and care. Human population related diseases. Human population growth problems and control, inequality between sexes-control measures; test-tube babies amino-centsis. Future of biology